Stephen Monismith, professor of civil and environmental engineering, Stanford University
Kelp forests, seagrass beds, and coral reefs are among the most productive, bio-diverse, and beautiful ofmarine ecosystems. Hydrodynamics plays a central role in their function, controlling mass transfer between the organisms and the overlying flow, setting patterns and rates of transport of larvae, and affecting the extent to which the environment (temperature, pH, etc.) in these nearshore systems are different from that of the adjacent ocean. Central to this interplay of physics and ecology is the fact that the resistance to flow provided by kelp plants, seagrasses, or corals is determined by the geometry and density of these “ecosystem architects”, behavior that is described by the dynamics of complex, canopy flows.
Monismith will present field observations of these flows drawn from a coral reef in American Samoa, a seagrass bed in Palau, and kelp forests in Baja and offshore of San Diego. In the first case, drag can be related explicitly to the reef geometry at cm scales. In the second case, drag varies strongly with velocity reflecting the re-configuration of the drag elements due to bending, behavior that can be modeled with some accuracy. In the final case, Monismith will first show velocity measurements taken over the span of several years during which time the condition of the kelp forest varied between non-existent and dense. During this time rms depth-averaged velocities varied by a factor of 3, showing the importance of kelp-dependent drag to flow. In general, flows through kelp are substantially more complicated in that drag onflow through a kelp forest may be strongly influenced by kelp movement in the presence of surface waves, has multiple drag sources, and involves substantial, generally unresolved, inhomogeneity in the distribution of the kelp plants themselves.