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Value the impact of cancer on individuals, communities, and society
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List common risk factors for cancer
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List the three most common causes of cancer death in men and women
• Understand the limitations of sex and gender in cancer registries and historical data
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Contrast benign from malignant tumors (neoplasms) in behavior and typical morphology
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Explain a typical progression of carcinogenesis, invasion, and metastasis
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Contrast tumor stage and TNM staging (extent of tumor spread within the body) with
pathologic tumor grade (microscopic evaluation of differentiation and aggressiveness)
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Define major tumor lineages
• Carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, mesothelioma, leukemia/lymphoma
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Diagram the three steps in chemical carcinogenesis
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Give examples of the hallmarks of cancer in the multistep process of carcinogenesis, and
how these can be targeted